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THE MENTAL 
STATUS OF 
CZOLGOSZ 
BY 

CHANNING 


lU-lW 










' 










































THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


THE ASSASSIN OF PRESIDENT McKINLEY 


By WALTER CHANNING, M. D. 


Most of the matter presented in this paper bearing on the 
history of Czolgosz before the crime and his family is new, 
having been personally collected either by my assistant or my¬ 
self in Cleveland and other places . 1 

In offering it as a contribution to the subject I have no wish 
to prove either that Czolgosz was or was not insane, unless on 
the whole there are data enough to justify an opinion one way 
or the other. 

It would be a most comfortable position to take that the trial 
of Czolgosz had settled the matter once for all, but unfortu¬ 
nately as there was no defense, any evidence in his favor was 
not brought forward. In an ordinary trial what evidence there 
might be in the prisoner’s case would be considered with delib¬ 
eration and thoroughness, but public opinion had indignantly 
condemned Czolgosz in advance, and no court and jury could 
be expected to stand up and oppose the will of the people, and 
hence in an eight and a half hours’ trial, with no defense, he 
was condemned unheard. 

From personal experience' in the Guiteau trial I had some 
knowledge of the pressure, direct and indirect, exerted by the 
force of public opinion, and in that case became aware that in 
the very shadow of such a terrible tragedy as the assassination 
of the ruler of the country, a scientific investigation free from 
prejudice was hardly possible. At this date no doubt can be 
entertained by fair-minded alienists, that Guiteau was insane, 
and yet at the time of his trial a large number of experts who 
had seen him day after day for weeks testified on the witness 
stand that he was sane. The fact that these men, who intended 

1 My thanks are due to Dr. L. Vernon Briggs, of Boston, who at my 
request has at the cost of great labor and pains collected evidence for me 
in various parts of the country. r . 



2 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

to give a fair opinion, were misled, shows that sometimes the 
nearer one may be to the scene of action, the less possible it is 
to be calm and judicial and unbiased in forming an opinion. 

It is well to remember here that there are two methods of 
conducting an investigation into the mental condition of a 
criminal. One is the scientific, which obtains all the evi¬ 
dence, not only at the time the crime was committed and after¬ 
ward, but before and as far back as possible. Every alienist 
knows that it is of the first importance to determine what the 
normal make-up of the man has shown itself to be before we 
pass judgment on him as to what he was at the time he com¬ 
mitted the crime. Delusions which may have dominated him 
are often subtle and difficult to detect, especially as the crime 
sometimes is in the nature of an explosion, which for the time 
being relieves mental tension and makes it more possible for 
the criminal to act temporarily in what appears to be a normal 
manner. It is possible that much sifting of data and much 
time may be required, before a conclusion can be arrived at. 
In a doubtful case haste is most fatal to a thorough scientific 
investigation. 

The second method to which I refer, we might call the popu¬ 
lar or pseudo-scientific one. This perhaps starts with an 
assumption one way or the other and evidence in favor of this 
assumption is accepted, and to the contrary rejected. Such a 
procedure as this being prejudiced from the start, clews which 
might lead to valuable results are neglected. The whole in¬ 
vestigation is in fact one-sided and unlike the scientific one, 
which starts with no assumption and comes to no conclusion, 
until all the facts obtainable have been carefully weighed. 

While it is far from my purpose to suggest that the medico¬ 
legal investigation of the Czolgosz case was conducted after the 
latter method, such reports as have appeared have been brief 
and lacking in details, and can hardly be regarded as furnish¬ 
ing a satisfactory scientific basis of an opinion. They appar¬ 
ently rest chiefly on unsupported statements of the man himself 
and how he appeared to the experts after the crime. Whether 
or not he was in what for him was his normal condition, could 
not be told by anything published except in as far as he stated 
himself. No apparent effort made to trace his history back 


ffftionl. ‘ 

17 Jt'03 


i 




THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INSANITY, Vol. LIX, No. 2. 


PLATE 




PAUL CZOLGOSZ, FATHER, 1902. 











1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


5 


early in 1873 an d the family soon followed. They lived in the 
following places in Michigan: Detroit City seven years, Rogers 
City six months, Alpena five years, Posen five years, Natrona 
near Pittsburg, Pa., nearly two years. In 1892 they arrived at 
Cleveland and have lived there, or in a place called Warrens- 
ville not far off, since that time. The family have the reputa¬ 
tion of being hard workers. 

The father is rather a rough looking man (Plate II). He 
has blue eyes, dark brown hair mixed with grey. Heavy 
ears standing out from the head. Defective lower jaw. The 
photograph of the front view of the father as far as the upper 
part of the face is concerned brings out no asymmetries and is 
even rather pleasant, but the profile view is different. In the 
latter, although the head is carried unusually far back, the fore¬ 
head appears low. The upper part of the face is prominent in 
relation to the chin, which is not well developed. The lips pro¬ 
trude, the upper one covered with a heavy moustache. This 
combined with a nose flat at the base and broad and prominent 
at the alae gives a deformed look to the face. The eyes are 
deeply set under thick eyebrows. The skin is leathery-look¬ 
ing, bagging under the chin and furrowed in every direction, 
even in the neck. This is largely explained by exposure to the 
air. The expression is dogged, somewhat sullen, sad and rather 
stupid. When we remember the strain that must have been on 
the father since the terrible crime committed by the son, we 
must ascribe some of his appearance to that, and we must re¬ 
member also that he is an ignorant Pole who has had to fight his 
way for many years in a land of strangers, but making due allow¬ 
ance for these things the physiognomy is indifferent and stupid. 
Like the sons that I saw the father is emotional. He displayed 
much feeling in my interview with him and the foreman said 
he probably would not recover from it for several days. 

Attention should be called to the left hand posed by request 
to show its peculiar conformation and to the round medallion 
picture of the dead son mounted on a black rosette on the left 
coat lapel. He wears this only on his best clothes, but the son 
Waldeck wears a similar one constantly. I understand that it 
is customary with the Poles to wear this insignia of mourning. 

The father is unable to speak more than a few words of Eng- 


6 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


lish- He has a weak memory and seems entirely unable to 
give any dates. He has worked at various kinds of labor. At 
one time he was in the lumber business; has owned several 
farms and has worked on the city sewers. He is now employed 
by the city of Cleveland in the Water Works Department. He 
worked at one time in Michigan with many others for a man 
named Molitor who tyrannized over them. Molitor was finally 
killed by his workmen. The newspapers have stated that Paul 
Czolgosz was one of them. The son Waldeck claims that the 
father was not in Rogers City when Molitor was killed. Of the 
mother little is known outside of the circumstances of her death 
as detailed by the father. She was 30 years old when Leon was 
born, a month after she arrived in this country. 

As a little child the father says Leon was quiet and retired. 
It was hard for him to get acquainted with other children; he 
cared to play with only a few. If he was angry he would not 
say anything but he had the appearance of thinking more than 
most children. He sometimes did not want to do what he was 
told, but perhaps not more so than other children. As far as 
the father can remember Leon never had any convulsions or fits 
or any children’s diseases. He minded his own mother better 
than the step-mother. As he grew older he was very bashful. 
This was always characteristic so that the father cannot under¬ 
stand how he could become so violent if he was not insane. He 
went to both English and Polish schools for about five years 
altogether, part of the time going to evening school. The father 
does not remember that he had any chum or intimate acquaint¬ 
ance of either sex and never saw him in company with any girl. 
He says Leon had not been a hard worker since 1898 because he 
was ill; that he liked to read, and the father did not oblige him 
to work because he thought him sick, and because the boys 
owned most of the farm. 

The Brother Waldeck .—Waldeck is rather undersized in height, 
strong and thick-set. Hair is brown, brown moustache, grey 
eyes, florid complexion, smooth skin, large mouth, short nose 
with the flattened bridge like the father’s, and undeveloped jaw. 

Waldeck says that Leon went to work in the wire mills 
where he worked continuously from 1892 to 1898. The days 
were long and they got pretty tired. He does not remem- 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


7 


ber that Leon read very much. About ’93-’94, Leon with a 
great many others was laid off on a strike. At this time he 
“ got quiet and not so happy/’ He applied again for work at 
the same place and gave the name of Fred. C. Nieman, by which 
name he has been known more or less ever since. He describes 
Leon as cool, getting mad if plagued about drinking or the 
girls, and not inclined to talk. That he drank little and did 
not swear and did not associate with any girl. 

In ’98 he left work saying he was ill; he went to doctors who 
told him he ought to stop work at once. He gives the names 
of several doctors whom Leon went to for treatment. About 
’93 or * 94 > this being the time of the strike, Waldeck says he and 
his brother were strict attendants at the Catholic church. Up 
to this time they had believed what the priest told them, which 
was that if they got into any trouble or need, and prayed, their 
prayers would be answered. That they both prayed very hard 
but they were not answered. They went to the priests and said 
they wanted proof and were told again that they would be helped 
if they would pray, but they were not, so they bought a Polish 
Bible, and found after reading it several times that the priests 
“ told it their own way and kept back most of what was in the 
book.” Waldeck remembers Leon saying once that he be¬ 
lieved “ the priest’s trade was the same as the shoemaker’s or any 
other.” Waldeck produced the Bible which they had used and 
which was much worn. They got other books and pamphlets 
about the Bible and on other subjects and studied them; then 
they “ knew how it was.” They read these books together for 
about a year and a half, when Leon preferred to read alone and 
read a good deal. Some of the books Waldeck produced and I 
have them now in my possession. Among them is Bellamy’s 
“ Looking Backward ” in Polish. Another was one of the 
so-called “ Peruna Almanacks ” and Waldeck said Leon liked 
this because it always told him his lucky days. 

About three years ago Leon was so ill that Waldeck advised 
him to go to the hospital. He seemed “ gone to pieces like ” 
and looked pale. But Leon said, “ there is no place in the hos¬ 
pital for poor people; if you have lots of money you get well 
taken care of.” While on the farm Leon did not do any heavy 
work unless obliged to, although he was not unwilling to take 


8 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


a hand if he saw it was necessary. Most of his time was spent 
in repairing old machinery and wagons on the farm. He 
fussed around with small things. He sometimes traded 
horses and Waldeck remembers that he got badly left at 
least once. Leon once applied for a conductor’s job on the 
electric railroad but Waldeck knows of no other work he 
sought other than this since ’97. He liked to be away from 
the other men and by himself, doing little but jobbing around or 
reading or sleeping. He was a good hunter. He owned a 
breech-loading shot gun, and, beginning early in the fall and 
up to as late in the winter as he could track rabbits, he would 
go hunting every day. He usually went with a shot gun, re¬ 
volver, stick and sometimes a bag. If the rabbit was some dis¬ 
tance off he would shoot him with the shot gun, if he was near 
he would use the revolver with which he was quite skillful. He 
would take the sack and cover one end of the rabbit hole, then 
with a long stick or sometimes with a fire built at the other end, 
he would drive the rabbit into the bag when he would kill it. 

In March or April, 1901, Leon was quite restless and wanted 
to get his money out of the farm so he could leave the city. He 
kept up this talk about getting his money until July, sometimes 
getting quite put out that he could not realize on his share. 
From this time he commenced his trips to the city, or it was 
thought he went to the city. First he went one day a week; a 
little later he went for two or three days; then he would go one 
day one week and the next week two or three days. They 
asked him where he went; he said to attend meetings. They 
thought it was the meetings of the Golden Eagle or some in¬ 
surance association that he was interested in or to solicit in¬ 
surance, but as he was naturally secretive they did not question 
him very closely. The society mentioned is a benefit association 
of which there are several. Leon said to Waldeck, “ if I cannot 
get my money now I want it in the summer.” In July he said 
the same thing again. Waldeck said, “ what do you want the 
money for?” They were standing on the street near a tree that 
was dying, and Leon said, '‘look, it is just the same as a tree 
that commences dying; you can see it isn’t going to live long.” 
This referred to Leon’s not living long. Waldeck said that if 
Leon went West he could not stay long because he had so little 


THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INSANITY, Vol. LIX, No. 2 


PLATE III. 


) 



JACOB CZOLGOSZ, YOUNGER BROTHER, 1902. 

























\ 










1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


9 


money. Leon said, “ I can get a conductor’s job, or binding 
wheat, or fixing machines, or something.” Just before Leon 
went away he told Waldeck he “ had got to go away and must 
have the money.” Waldeck said, “why you got to go so far; 
what is the matter with you?” Leon answered, “ I can’t stand 
it any longer.” 

The Brother Jacob .—Jacob is above the average in height; hol¬ 
low-chested and large-boned (Plate III). Is a gawky looking 
fellow. Has the characteristic nose of the family. He is living 
on a pension he receives from the government, owing to slight 
injuries received during the Spanish war while he was doing 
government work in this country. 

The wife of Jacob is an intelligent young woman twenty-three 
years of age. She was married about the 23d of June, 1901, but 
had known the family for some time before that. She had 
thought Leon odd and not like other boys and that he acted 
queerly. He said he was sick but she could not see that he 
was, and “ if you said anything to him about his sickness he 
would get mad.” He also told her he wanted to sell out and 
go West and she thought as he acted so queerly it would be a 
good thing for him to go West. She advanced him money so 
he could go away. For four years he had been living on the 
farm and not doing anything but catch rabbits, etc. He had a 
cough when she was out there, on the farm, and “ would spit 
out great chunks.” He was lazy and would go out under a 
tree and sleep. His stepmother would try to get him to work, 
but he would not. She did not believe him sick either. Not 
long before he went away he said to his step-mother he was 
going to Kansas and she said it would be a good thing as he 
was always having a fuss with her. He would call her names 
such as “ old woman,” etc. He would play with the children, of 
whom he seemed very fond, provided he knew them. He would 
talk childish talk with them, and the way he behaved with them 
made the sister-in-law say more than once that he must be 
crazy because he would do such childish things. He was always 
fixing up boxes, wheels, and tinkering around. He would take 
the milk from the barn to the cheese house and never wanted 
any one to go with him. Three or four months before he went 
away he would not eat anything at the table, and only took 


10 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

bread and milk with sometimes a little cake. He would take 
this up to his room and eat it there. He took two quarts of 
milk a day and sometimes more. “ He never talked much and 
did not like it if you talked to him too much.” He liked to be 
let alone and was always called “ cranky ” at home. He did not 
dress well on the farm but was “ all ragged out.” 

The day the sister-in-law gave him the money, which was the 
day he left, he seemed quite happy. He went up-stairs and 
dressed in his best clothes, and went out, taking nothing with 
him except what he had on his back. He did not want his par¬ 
ents to know he was going. He told the sister-in-law he was 
going to Kansas, but said to his sister that he was going to 
California for his health. 

The Brother Joseph. —Joseph, the youngest brother but one of 
the family, has a markedly good reputation. He is of correct 
habits as far as is known, in every respect. He has worked in one 
place for eight years, where his employers have a high opinion 
of him. He says “ Leon was a nice boy.” He lived by himself. 
He did not like strangers; that he never talked to girls and 
when he met or saw those he knew when they were coming 
from church or other times, he would cross the street rather 
than speak with them. That he “ was always awful bashful.” 
That he slept well at night and slept a good deal otherwise. 
That he was very fond of hunting. That he was a good me¬ 
chanic and always fixing up boxes and wagons. He took a 
sewing machine apart and put it together again. He said Leon 
was sick about five years ago; he had a cough, and while he did 
not look sick he was always taking medicine and sent a long 
way off for an inhaling machine which he used two months. 
The latter part of the time he was in the country he would 
“ read and sleep all the time.” When asked what he meant 
by “all the time” he said “a great deal of the time; that it 
seemed all of the time.” When he got his paper he would sit in 
a chair and read it; that in a little time he would look at him 
and he would see the paper had fallen on his breast and Leon 
would be fast asleep. In a little while he would wake up again 
and be reading the paper. 

Last winter when the stepmother left the country for the 
city Leon stayed in the country and cooked for himself and 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


II 


the family when they were there. When she returned about 
March, he would not eat with them or go into the house when 
she was there if he could help it. He used to take his milk 
each day from the cans after the cows were milked, about three 
quarts, and put it in the cellar. When he wanted it he would 
go down and get it and take it to his room or out under a tree 
and drink it by himself, taking a little cake and sometimes crack¬ 
ers with it. He seldom took anything else except when the step¬ 
mother was away from the house for a time when he would go 
into the pantry and eat something. There was a little pond 
near the house where he would fish for small fish and would 
keep them until his stepmother went out of the house for a time 
when he would run into the house and cook them and eat them 
by himself, but if she returned or strangers came in, he would 
let the fish burn or throw them away. 

Joseph said he did not believe at first that Leon killed the 
President; he never believed he could do such a thing and does 
not know now how to account for it. He did not know when he 
left the farm for two or three days at a time, where he went, 
but he does not believe he went with anarchists. 

The Sister Victoria .—The sister Victoria is a good looking 
girl with light hair, fair skin, hazel eyes, and generally well de¬ 
veloped. Somewhat flattened nose. She described her brother 
as “ rather lazy but a nice boy/’ That he could not get along 
with his stepmother; they were always nagging each other, 
and while he never swore he came pretty near it in talking with 
her. He did not drink or smoke very much. He liked to be 
by himself. He would eat and sleep most of the time. Would 
not eat with the rest of the family. Was very fond of gunning 
but was unable to do heavy work on account of his health. Did 
not like to be around with other people. 

Uncle Michael and Aunt. —Leon’s uncle Michael and his aunt 
say they looked on him as an “ old woman ” or “ grandmother ” 
and that they called him so because of his habit of falling asleep 
and being at times rather stupid. 

His friends, Mr. and Mrs. Dryer .—Dryer bought out a 
saloon of Paul Czolgosz. He and his wife probably saw more 
of Leon than any one else before he moved into the country, 
because he made frequent visits to their place. They only knew 


12 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


of his having one chum who worked in the same factory with 
him. Leon would go into the saloon after his work, wash up 
and sit down and read the paper which he was always anxious 
to get. Would sit by himself in the corner and watch the other 
people play cards. Would not play often himself and if he lost 
anything he would stop playing. Never heard him swear or 
use profane language. Never saw him lose his temper though 
he was plagued about the girls whom he never seemed to have 
the courage to speak to. He was very particular about his 
shoes, brushing them when he came in. He would often fall 
asleep, wake up and sit around and perhaps fall asleep again. 
Mrs. Dryer said it seemed so strange to her that he could do 
such a violent act. When he was in the saloon he would never 
even kill a fly; he would brush them off and perhaps catch them 
and let them go again, but never kill one. He was especially 
careful with his money, never spending any unless obliged to. 
He never would take more than one drink of liquor at a time. 
Sometimes they would make remarks to him about not spending 
his money, for instance, they would say, “ Oh, come on, blow 
yourself off,” but he would answer, “ No, I have use for my 
money.” He was never jolly. Mr. Dryer describes him as 
rather “ stupid and dull-like.” Mrs. Dryer says “ kind of 
broke-down like.” 

About four years ago he said he had left the wire works be¬ 
cause he was sick, and certainly for several months to their 
knowledge he was always taking medicine, having a bottle in 
his pocket and a box of pills. He would never talk to strangers 
and never said much to any body. When he was not at work 
he would sometimes sit all day in the saloon “ thinking-like,” 
reading the paper and sleeping. 

Leon was never in any row and he would not take sides with 
any one who was in a row. Mrs. Dryer said she had urged 
Leon many times to eat with them but only once had he con¬ 
sented after a great deal of persuasion; then he sat at the table 
and ate very little. 

EMPLOYMENT IN THE WIRE MILLS. 

For seven years or up to ’98 Czolgosz was employed in wire 
mills in Cleveland and we had an interesting interview with sev- 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


13 


eral of the men with whom he had worked. He was known by 
the name of Nieman, which name he adopted for purposes of 
convenience as is the custom of many Poles. His fellow work¬ 
men saw him daily during this long period of time and the fore¬ 
man testified that he was a very steady worker; never gave any 
trouble, never quarrelled or had any disputes with other work¬ 
men, but was quiet and cheerful. He carried his dinner to the 
mill as the other men did but never had much-to say to them. 
He sat around and kept to himself though he showed no desire 
to avoid the other men. The foreman said that he was as good 
a boy as he ever had, and “ he never could have done such a 
thing.” His occupation was that of wire winder which necessi¬ 
tated a fair amount of intelligence. The foreman pointed out to 
me on the time books that Czolgosz worked steadily without 
a break, and while the other men had a good many fines, he had 
very few and for such little things as letting the wire run slack, 
etc. He was engaged in ’gi and quit work in August, ’98, as 
the books show. When he left the foreman said he simply came 
up and said he was going to quit. That he was going into the 
country for his health; that he was not well, and it was a sur¬ 
prise to all of them. 

ORDER OF KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE SOCIETY. 

The only association which I have evidence that Czolgosz was 
a member of is called by the above name. It bears the best 
reputation. “ The proclaimed purpose of its founders and the 
primary objects of the order are to promote the principles of 
true benevolence by associating its members together for the 
purpose of mutual relief against the trials and difficulties attend¬ 
ing sickness, distress and death so far as they can be mitigated 
by sympathy and pecuniary assistance; to care for and protect 
the widows and orphans; to assist those out of employment and 
to encourage each other in business; to ameliorate the condition 
of humanity in every possible manner; to stimulate moral and 
mental culture and by wholesome precepts, fraternal counsel and 
social intercourse, to elevate and advance its membership toward 
a higher and nobler life; and for the inculcation and dissemina¬ 
tion of the principles of charity and benevolence as taught by 
the order. Its foundation is the Bible and it has for its motto 


14 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


fidelity, valor and humanity. Any person to become a member 
must be of good moral character and a law-abiding resident of 
the country in which he lives, a believer in a Supreme Being and 
the Christian faith.” It also states as its purpose, besides build¬ 
ing up the highest type of character, that it is to stand as the 
“ champion, advocate and auxiliary for the best interest of the 
church, the state and people.” 

It was into this organization with such high and patriotic 
aims that Czolgosz was elected while working in the wire mills. 
Among its prominent members were some of his fellow work¬ 
men and it was through his association with them that he was 
elected into it. The foreman thought it a little strange as he 
had been a Catholic and the members were above him socially, 
for him to desire to associate with them. However, his fellow 
workmen saw no reason why he should not belong to the order 
and he was therefore elected, which in the circumstances was 
something of an honor. The secretary told me that joining the 
society and taking the oath was the same as renouncing the 
authority of the Catholic church. 

The proof of the great interest that Czolgosz took in the 
Golden Eagle as well as his connection with it up to the time 
of his crime is shown by two of the three letters of which I pre¬ 
sent copies. In the one dated August n, 1899, he speaks of 
not being able to work, and in the other he writes more fully 
as follows (Plate VI): 

“ Cleveland Ohio July 31st 1901 

Mr John Gunther 
Dear Sir & Brother 

inclosed you will find One Dollar to pay my Lodge dues in June I gave 
one Dollar to brother George coonish to pay my Assessed on the death 
of our late Brother David Jones and I was up the hall That night and 
i gave one Dollar to our brother at the first guard Room to pay my 
Lodge dues and I said to him that you have got my book 

brother Gunder will you send my book to me at my cost and send me 
the Pass words if you can do so ” 

At various times after he left the mill in ’98 he furnished to 
the secretary physician’s certificates that he was out of health 
and received for at least sixteen weeks sick benefits. He did 
not go often to the meetings, though he went once in a while, 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


15 


and not only was a member in good standing but his fellow 
members that I saw expressed a very high opinion of him. 

THE CONNECTION OF CZOLGOSZ WITH ANARCHISTS. 

Mr. Corner, Superintendent of Police in Cleveland, who has 
made a most careful investigation, stated positively to me that 
he had been unable to connect Czolgosz with anarchists or any 
society of anarchists. Great weight must be attached to what 
Mr. Corner says, not only because he is superintendent of police 
in the city where Czolgosz had lived for a long time, but also 
because he is one of the best detectives in the country and has 
looked into the matter very carefully. 

Having learned that Czolgosz had had interviews with Mr. 
Emil Schilling, a well-known anarchist of Cleveland, I had two 
long talks with him. He says that on May 19, 1901, Czolgosz 
or Nieman as he then called himself, came to him saying he was 
sent by his friend Hauser, of whom he asked where he could 
find an anarchist or anarchists. He then talked about his ideas. 
Said he had belonged to the Sila Club (?), but did not belong now 
to that or the Social Labor party because they quarrelled a 
year before. He talked about capitalists and laboring people 
in a way that Schilling called revolutionary. 

Schilling gave him a book to read about the “ Chicago Mar¬ 
tyrs ” and some numbers of the Free Society, the organ of the 
anarchists; also took him home to dinner where he was like 
one of the family and sat down and ate the same as any one, 
but kept very quiet. “ I thought he was all right this time 
when he called on me* He did not talk German but English. 
Talked about his farm and said he lived in Bedford on a farm 
with his brother. He came to see me again in about three 
weeks and said he had read of anarchists forming plots and of 
secret meetings. I said we do not do any plotting. He then 
asked if anarchists did not organize to act; that is if anybody do 
something against a king or officer and you was an anarchist, 
would you say you was an anarchist. I told him yes, for every 
one knew I was an anarchist. When I answered him he was al¬ 
ways laughing at my answers as if he either felt superior or had 
formed a plan and was putting out a feeler. 

“ I think that Nieman wanted to be smart enough to find out 


l6 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

something as a secret detective and I think he was not smart 
enough to do what he wanted. I think he was very ignorant. 
He asked his questions in a very quick way, such as, ‘ say, have 
you any secret societies. I hear the anarchists are plotting 
something like Breschi; the man was selected by the comrades 
to do the deed that was done.’ I asked him, ‘ where did you 
read that?’ he answered, ‘in some capitalist paper.’ ‘Well,’ 
I said, ‘ you did not read it in any anarchist paper.’ 

“ During his second visit he came at a time I was eating my 
supper. I told him to sit down and wait till I was through eat¬ 
ing supper. He then handed me the book I gave him to read 
the first time he called. I asked him how he liked it; he said 
he did not read it; did not have time. This made me mad and 
I was suspicious of him. After supper we went out. He re¬ 
fused beer when I invited him to drink but turned round and 
offered me a cigar. I told him to smoke it himself. He said 
he never smoked. On our way home I again asked him to have 
some beer and he said he did not care to drink. Finally he 
consented to take a glass of pop and he then went home. After 
his second visit I visited Hauser and asked him about Nieman. 
He told me he was a good and active member of the Polish 
Socialist Society of the labor party but that his name was not 
Fred. Nieman and he had forgotten his real name. I then told 
him my suspicions and Hauser said to watch out if I thought so. 

“ Nieman came again about a week later and only remained 
with me about an hour. He talked with me and said he was 
tired of life. Referred to his own affairs and said his step¬ 
mother abused him. When asked if his father would not pro¬ 
tect him he said no, his father had not his own will but was 
bound by the will of his stepmother. I did not tell him my 
suspicions; I wanted him to come once or twice more when I 
would have settled with him; when I would tell him what I 
think, and not to come again. 

“ The first two times he called he had on his everyday clothes; 
the last two times he had on his Sunday clothes. He was 
awful particular about the care for his body ; his clothes always 
nice and clean. He had a red complexion; was healthy looking; 
a round face. I see on his hands he did not work much. 

“The third time he call he ask me for a letter of introduce 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


1 7 


tion to Emma Goldman, and then told me he heard her speak in 
Cleveland in May. She was then in Chicago and I told him he 
could meet her himself, that I never introduce any one by let¬ 
ter. I told him he could say to her, I have heard you speak in 
Cleveland, etc. He said, ‘I go to Chicago.’ Said he would 
like to see her where she is. He had heard her talk; her speech 
had influence him; please him; he was taken in. Her speech 
took him; he talked much of her and wanted her acquaintance; 
wanted to meet her, but I could not introduce him. She was 
here only two days. 

“ The fourth and last time he came was in August. I was 
just reading a letter from Isaak of Chicago asking about this 
man Nieman. He said he was a friend of mine, when a knock 
came on the door and in walked Nieman. I was then suspicious 
and thought the letter might have been opened in post. I put 
it in my pocket and told him to sit down. I asked him where 
he was all these two months. He said he was working in 
Akron in a cheese factory and then laughed. I thought as I 
had catched him in a lie I would give him a chance once or 
twice more. We took a walk with a neighbor, a good man and 
friend of mine. Three of us walked along the road and old, 
man and me talked business and Nieman did not say anything 
at all. When we came back to the house he seemed tired and 
went home. I asked him where he was going. He said, ‘ may¬ 
be Detroit, may-be Buffalo.’ 

“ In Chicago he ask Isaak the same questions he ask me and 
wanted money. Said he would remain in Chicago two or three 
weeks if he had money but that his family was poor and he 
could not remain without the money. They told him they had 
no money but could give him something to eat. He seemed 
to be disgusted and left right away. 

“ Two comrades wanted to take him home for the night and 
turn his pockets taking any papers or information that they 
could get as to whether he was a spy or not. In Chicago he 
must have asked for Emma Goldman. He met her on the 
wharf as she was leaving on the boat. Isaak and some other 
comrades were there to bid her good-bye. He introduced him¬ 
self to Emma as a socialist from Cleveland; he had heard her 
speak and was a friend of mine. Then Emma turned round and 


l8 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

introduced him to Isaak and asked him if he was an anarchist. 
He said no, he was a socialist. Then he said he had not read any 
anarchist literature but the Free Society. They then walked 
toward the hall and he asked his questions. All the comrades 
fyad their suspicions of him right away. Isaak wrote me asking 
about him, and he would then tell me more, saying to write him. 
I wrote him that I doubted Nieman’s honesty. Isaak then wrote 
me just what I thought and I wrote him back if you think so you 
ought to give it to the public in the Free Society and he did a 
week before McKinley was shot. 

“ Czolgosz seemed to be normal and sound as the average 
man; he might be excused as ignorant, not educated, or as I 
had thought, a spy, a bad person. He was consistent in his 
tactics; he did not give himself away. He was not against the 
President but against the party as he said the last minutes, and 
we thought from his education he thought he could not leave 
the world without doing anything. After he done it I assume 
he plan to do it some months before he done it and only waited 
a good chance and hoped to get some help from friends.” 

Schilling says Nieman told him things were getting worse 
and worse; more strikes and they were getting more brutal 
against the strikers and that something must be done. “ Then 
I did not think he had a plan; afterward I did.” 

Under date of August 19, 1902, Mr. Abram Isaak writes to 
me as follows: “ I wish to state that Miss Goldman was simply 
introduced to Czolgosz without having any conversation with 
him. He accompanied her to the depot however, where she 
introduced him to me. After the train left he talk with me for 
about 40 minutes. 

“ His first question was whether he could be introduced into 
our ‘ secret meetings.’ He had addressed me as ‘ comrade.’ 
But this question arose my suspicion. After having told him 
that anarchists had no secret meetings, I asked him whether he 
call himself an anarchist and whether he had read anarchist 
literature. 

No,’ he replied, ‘ I know nothing of anarchism excepting 
what I know from one speech delivered by Emma Goldman in 
Cleveland. I am a socialist. For seven years I was a mem- 


19 02 ] 


WALTER CHANNING 


19 


ber of the socialist party in Cleveland. But since they split I 
became disgusted with them/ 

“ Altho’ being suspicious I could not help thinking that his 
eyes and words expressed sincerity. He was rather quiet. But 
the ‘outrages committed by the American government in the 
Philippine Islands ’ seemed to trouble his mind. ‘ It does not 
harmonize with the teachings in our public schools about our 
flag/ he said.” 

As a result of their suspicions Isaak published the following 
notice in Free Society , September 1, 1901: 

“ Attention/’ 

“ The attention of the comrades is called to another spy. He is well 
dressed, of medium height, rather narrow shouldered, blond, and about 
twenty-five years of age. Up to the present he has made his appearance 
in Chicago & Cleveland. In the former place he remained but a short 
time, while in Cleveland he disappeared when the comrades had con¬ 
firmed themselves of his identity, & were on the point of exposing him. 
His demeanor is of the usual sort, pretending to be greatly interested in 
the cause, asking for names, or soliciting aid for acts of contemplated 
violence. If this same individual makes his appearance elsewhere, the 
comrades are warned in advance, & can act accordingly.” 

A good deal has been said of the lectures by Emma Goldman 
that Czolgosz heard. Whether or not he heard more than one, 
I have no means of knowing at present. Isaak says he heard 
one. This was undoubtedly the one she gave in Cleveland, May 
5, 1901. We know that she delivered two lectures in Cleve¬ 
land on that date, one on “ Anarchism ” and the other on 
“ The Cause and Effect of Vice.” The following is a synopsis 
of the first as given in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 6, 1901: 

“ Men under the present state of society are mere products of circum¬ 
stances,” she said. “ Under the galling yoke of government, ecclesias- 
ticism and the bonds of custom and prejudice it is impossible for the 
individual to work out his own career as he could wish. Anarchism 
aims at a new and complete freedom. It strives to bring about a free¬ 
dom which is not only a freedom from within, but also a freedom 
from without, which will prevent any man having the desire to 
interfere in any way with the liberty of his neighbor. Vanderbilt says 
‘ I am a free man within myself but the others be damned.’ This is not 
the freedom that we are striving for. We merely desire complete indi¬ 
vidual liberty and this can never be obtained as long as there is an 
existing government. 



20 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

“ We do not favor the socialist idea of converting men and women 
into mere breeding machines under the eye of a paternal government. 
We go to the opposite extreme and demand the fullest and most com¬ 
plete liberty for each and every person to work out his own salvation 
and upon any line that he pleases so long as he does not interfere with 
the happiness of others. The degrading notion of men and women as 
breeding machines is far from our ideals of life. 

“ Anarchism has nothing to do with future governments or economic 
arrangements. We do not favor any particular settlement in this line 
but merely seek to do away with the present evils. The future will pro¬ 
vide for these arrangements after our work has been done. Anarchism 
deals merely with social arrangements, not with economic arrangements. 

“ The speaker deprecated the idea that all anarchists were in favor of 
violence and bomb-throwing. She declared that nothing was further 
from the principles which they support. She then went on however into 
a detailed explanation of the different crimes committed by anarchists 
lately, declaring that the motive was good in each case, and that these 
actions were merely a matter of temperament. * Some men were so 
constituted,’ she said, ‘ that they were unable to stand idly by and see 
the wrongs that were being endured by their fellow mortals.’ She her¬ 
self did not believe in these methods but she did not think that they 
should be too severely condemned in view of the high and noble motives 
which prompted their perpetration. * We must have education before 
we can have power,’ declared Miss Goldman. ‘ Some believe that we 
should first obtain the force and let the intelligence and education come 
afterwards. Nothing could be more fallacious. If we get the education 
and intelligence first among the people the power will come to us with¬ 
out a struggle.’ ” 

I have given the newspaper report of Emma Goldman’s re¬ 
marks entire so that as far as possible we may know how incen¬ 
diary her remarks were. So much weight has been attached 
to them as the chief means of creating the “ sane ” state of 
mind which led to the crime, that the reader should have a 
chance to judge for himself. 

Miss Goldman says in a letter just received from her: 

“. . . I do not know whether Czolgosz was an anarchist, nor have I 
the right to say he was not. I have not known him sufficiently to be 
acquainted with his political views.” 

HISTORY AFTER LEAVING HIS FAMILY JULY II, I 9 OI. 

It was not until the nth of July that Czolgosz left Cleveland 
where he had been with his family,* and he did not go to Chi¬ 
cago, as has been claimed, on July i. On the 14th he wrote 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


21 


from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to his family (Plate V). On the 
16th he went to board with a family by the name of Kazmarek 
at West Seneca, N. Y., where, as nearly as can be ascertained, 
he remained until nearly the end of August. He told Chief 
of Police Bull of Buffalo that on the 30th of August he went to 
Cleveland. Sometime earlier in August he went to Chicago. 

At West Seneca he gave his name as Fred. C. Nieman and 
made his arrangements to have a room and his washing done 
for $3 a month. As was his custom when living with his own 
family he took his meals entirely alone. He lived on milk and 
crackers and sometimes cake, sending out a little boy for the 
milk, and going into a deserted store in the front of the house 
and eating entirely alone. He always refused to join the others 
when invited to do so. He rose usually before 7, washed and 
dressed himself carefully, then spent his days taking a little 
walk in the morning or sitting on the piazza reading pamphlets 
and papers, hiring a little boy to bring the paper in the afternoon 
which he read very carefully and retired about 10 o’clock each 
night. He never had any conversation with the family unless 
he had to, and kept by himself. Two or three times a week he 
left quite early for Buffalo returning about 10 or 10.30 at night. 
He said he went so often to attend meetings. He said he work¬ 
ed in the winter and then lived in the summer upon what he 
then earned. He always dressed up a little better when he 
went to Buffalo than when he stayed at the house, though he 
had only one suit and his underclothes were in a little canvas 
box or “ telescope ” as it is usually called. He never talked 
about himself except as just mentioned. He left there sud¬ 
denly, hiring a little boy to carry his trunk. When asked where 
he was going he said, “ May-be Detroit, Baltimore, Pittsburg, 
Cleveland.” He seemed in fairly good spirits when he went 
away. He could not pay the last instalment of his bill but left 
a revolver, as security. 

August 31, he wanted a room with his washing done at 
Nowak’s in Buffalo. Nowak asked for a recommendation 
and he gave a satisfactory one. He said his name was Fred. 
Nieman. Nowak said he rarely drank, never swore, smoked 
in moderation and stayed in his room a good deal when people 
were about to talk to him. The Nowaks thought he must be 


22 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


a visitor to the fair. He dressed so neatly they decided he 
must be a waiter or a barber. He left in the morning about 7 
and returned about 10.30 each night, retiring immediately. They 
never knew where he got his meals. Only one time he came 
into the saloon and sat down. This was a Sunday evening 
when a good many people were about. He said all the priests 
talked about was money. 

MEDICAL EXPERT EXAMINATION IN BUFFALO. 

On the part of the government this was made by Drs. Fowler, 
Crego and Putnam. 3 The following is an extract from their 
examination: 

His height is 5 feet 7^ths inches, age 28, weight when in Buffalo 136 
pounds. General appearance that of a person in good health. Com¬ 
plexion fair. Pulse and temperature normal. Tongue clean, skin moist 
and in excellent condition. Pupils normal and react to light, reflexes 
normal, never had any serious illness. He had a common school educa¬ 
tion, reads and writes well. Does not drink to excess, although drinks 
beer about every day, uses tobacco moderately, eats well, bowels reg¬ 
ular. Shape of his head normal as shown by the diagram obtained by 
General Bull, Superintendent of Police with a hatter’s impress. 

In the first interview on Sept. 7th, he said: 

“ I don’t believe in the Republican form of government, and I don’t be¬ 
lieve we should have any rulers. It is right to kill them. I had that idea 
when I shot the President, and that is why I was there. I planned killing 
the President 3 or 4 days ago after I came to Buffalo. Something I read 
in the Free Society suggested the idea. I thought it would be a good thing 
for the country to kill the President. When I got to the grounds I waited 
for the President to go into the Temple. I did not see him go in but 
some one told me he had gone in. My gun was in my right pocket with 
a handkerchief over it. I put my hand in my pocket after I got in the 
door; took out the gun, and wrapped the handkerchief over my hand. 
I carried it in that way in the row until I got to the President; no one 
saw me do it. I did not shake hands with him. When I shot him I 
fully intended to kill him. I shot twice. I don’t know if I would have 
shot again. I did not want to shoot him at the Falls; it was my plan 
from the beginning to shoot him at the Temple. I read in the paper 
that he would have a public reception. I know other men who believe 
what I do, that it would be a good thing to kill the President and to 


8 Official Report of the Experts for the People in the Case of the 
People vs. Leon F. Czolgosz. 





1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


23 


have no rulers. I have heard that at the meetings in public halls. I 
heard quite a lot of people talk like that. Emma Goldman was the last 
one I heard. She said she did not believe in government or in rulers. 
She said a good deal more. I don’t remember all she said. My family 
does not believe as I do. I paid $4.50 for my gun. After I shot twice 
they knocked me down and trampled on me. Somebody hit me in the 
face. I said to the officer that brought me down, ‘ I done my duty.’ I 
don’t believe in voting; it is against my principles. I am an anarchist. 
I don’t believe in marriage. I believe in free love. I fully understood 
what I was doing when I shot the President. I realized that I was 
sacrificing my life. I am willing to take the consequences. I have 
always been a good worker. I worked in a wire mill and could always 
do as much work as the next man. I saved three or four hundred dollars 
in five or six years. I know what will happen to me,—if the President 
dies I will be hung. I want to say to be published—‘ I killed President 
McKinley because I done my duty. I don’t believe in one man having 
so much service, and another man should have none.’ ” 

At the Sept. 8th interview he said he had heard Emma Goldman lec¬ 
ture, and had also heard lectures on free love by an exponent of that 
doctrine. He had left the church 5 years ago because as he said, he 
“ didn’t like their style.” He had attended a meeting of the anarchists 
about six weeks ago and also in July. Had met a man in Chicago 
about ten days ago who was an anarchist and talked with him. 4 

The Friday before the commission of this crime he had spent in Cleve¬ 
land, leaving Buffalo, where he had been for two or three weeks, and 
going to Cleveland. “ Just went there to look around and buy a paper.” 
The circle he belonged to had no name. They called themselves An¬ 
archists. . . . During this examination the prisoner was very indignant 
because his clothing was soiled at the time of arrest, and he had not had 
an opportunity to care for his clothing and person as he wished. . . . He 
said he would have slept well last night but for the noise of people walk¬ 
ing about. He heard several drunken people brought into the station 
at night. Said he felt no remorse for the crime he had committed. Said 
he supposed he would be punished, but every man had a chance on trial; 
that perhaps he wouldn’t be so badly punished after all. His pulse on 
this occasion was 72—temperature normal; not nervous or excited. 

On Sept. 9th, we observed a marked change in his readiness to answer 
questions. Many of the questions he refused to answer. He denied 
that he had killed the President or meant to kill him. He seemed more 
on his guard. He persisted in this course until nearly to the end of the 
interview, then he said, “ I am glad I did it.” 

At all subsequent interviews he declined to discuss the crime 
or any of its details with the experts but would talk about his 

4 This may possibly have been the anarchist Isaak. 


24 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

general condition, his meals and sleep and other subjects not 
relating to the crime. From the daily reports of his keepers at 
Buffalo they noted that he talked freely; that his appetite was 
good; that he enjoyed the walks he took in the corridor of the 
jail. He told his guards he would not talk with his lawyers 
because he did not believe in them and did not want them. 

The experts conclude that Czolgosz was sane as a result of 
frequent examinations, of the reports of his watchers in the jail, 
of his behavior in court during the trial and at the time he 
received his sentence, and then they say that they came to this 
conclusion from the history of his life as it came from him. He 
was sober, industrious and law-abiding and until he was 21 
years of age he was as others in his class, a believer in the 
government of his country and the religion of his fathers. “After 
he cast his first vote he made the acquaintance of anarchist lead¬ 
ers who invited him to their meetings. He was a good listener 
and in a short time he adopted their theories. He was consistent 
in his adherence to anarchy. He did not believe in government, 
therefore refused to vote. He did not believe in marriage be¬ 
cause he did not believe in law. He killed the President because 
he was a ruler. Czolgosz believed as he was taught that all 
rulers are tyrants and that to kill a ruler would benefit the 
people. He refused a lawyer because he did not believe in law, 
lawyers or courts.” 

If we may judge by the statement made in the report of one 
of the experts for the defense, the examination by the latter 
was necessarily somewhat hurried. 5 This states: “It should be 
said that owing to the limited time, two days, at our disposal 
prior to the trial, and the fact that his family relatives resided 
in a distant State and were not accessible for interrogation, that 
we were unable to obtain the history of his heredity beyond what 
he himself gave us.” The following is stated in this report in 
addition to what has already been referred to in the official re¬ 
port, “ There were no tremors or twitching of the facial muscles, 
tongue or hands. The pulse and temperature and skin were 


5 The Trial, Execution, Autopsy and Mental Status of Leon F. Czol¬ 
gosz, alias Fred Nieman, Assassin of President McKinley,” by Carlos 
F. MacDonald, A. M., M. D., New York. 


THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INSANITY, Vol. LIX, No. 2. 


PLATE IV. 















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THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INSANITY, Vol. LIX, No. 2. 


PLATE VII. 


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1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


25 


normal as also were the special senses, knee reflexes, coordi¬ 
nating powers and the sensory and motor functions. Finally a 
careful inspection of the entire visible body failed to reveal the 
presence of any of the so-called ‘ stigmata of degeneration.’ The 
almost perfect symmetrical development—especially of the head 
and face—is a noteworthy feature in Czolgosz’s case. Although 
had deviations been found the fact would have had little weight 
as tending to show mental disease or degeneracy as marked 
asymmetries, both cranial and facial, are frequently observed in 
persons who are quite sane and above the average in mental 
capacity.” 

To this expert he made similar statements apparently to those 
he made to the other experts. He said, “ I planned to kill the 
President three or four days after I came to Buffalo. I do not 
believe in the Republican form of government and I do not be¬ 
lieve we should have any rulers. I had that idea when I shot 
the President and that is why I was there.” This expert made 
another examination with the physician of Auburn prison on 
the evening before his execution and he then found nothing 
either in his mental or physical condition which tended to alter 
his opinion. At this time Czolgosz said in explanation of his 
abandonment of his religious faith and his rejection of the ser¬ 
vices of a priest, “ I would like the American people to know that 
I have no use for priests. My family are all Catholics and used 
to go to church until the hard times of 1893. We had been 
taught by the priests that if we would pray God would help us 
along but it did no good and it did not help us, and we stopped 
going to church at that time.” He also said at this interview, 
“ McKinley was going around the country shouting prosperity 
when there was no prosperity for the poor man. I am not 
afraid to die. We all have to die some time.” 

HISTORY AFTER THE CRIME. 

Czolgosz talked freely with Chief of Police Bull of Buffalo 
immediately after his arrest, but not until he had had some food 
given him to eat when he was pleasant and willing to talk. He 
said he killed the President and was glad he did so. Was asked 
if he knew the enormity of his crime and its results and he said 





26 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oet. 


he did. That he knew people sometimes escaped being hanged 
and he might. He said he came to Buffalo on August 31. He 
was with the President at Niagara and had an opportunity to 
shoot him then. He was much disturbed by his clothing being 
so soiled and one of the first things he asked was that he be 
allowed to wash and change his clothing. This was denied 
him until later, when he was told one of the guards would give 
him clean linen, if he would furnish the money, which he did, 
giving all he had on him which was $1. When the guard re¬ 
turned with the articles of clothing he disputed the change, but 
when they told him the cost of each, he said, “ Oh, that’s all 
right; let it go.” 

During the first interview and often at other times during his 
stay in Buffalo he would take his handkerchief from his pocket 
and wind it around his right hand just as he did when he shot 
the President. Also while walking in his cell sometimes the 
guards would see him apparently thinking deeply and at the 
same time wind his pocket handkerchief around his hand again 
and again. After he was arrested he was asked by the Chief of 
Police to illustrate how he had put the handkerchief about his 
hand with the revolver, but he would not do so until he had a 
clean handkerchief, when he dramatically showed them what he 
had evidently practised a long time. 

Chief Bull said that among other things Czolgosz said he 
had once been in love with a girl who had gone back on him, 
since which time he had had nothing to do with women; that 
he left his home because his step-mother was unkind to him. 
Chief Bull says he was immaculate about his person and dress, 
washing and fixing himself up a good deal of the time. He 
took a little beer and smoked three cigars a day. They were 
never able to obtain from him any information which would 
prove where he spent his time from July 1, except such as was 
given them in Buffalo, and they do not know what he did or 
where he spent his time when he went away from his boarding 
places in West Seneca and Buffalo, but at this time thousands of 
visitors were in the city on account of the fair and it was almost 
impossible to trace any one particular person. 

When he arrived at Auburn prison he was agitated, shook and 
shivered and trembled, which may have been due to the excite- 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


27 


ment of arriving, there being a good many people about. After 
being placed in his cell he made a short statement of his life in 
which he said he was born in Alpena, Michigan, in 1873, where 
he stayed until he was five years of age, when he moved to 
Detroit, where he resided eleven years. Then he went to Na¬ 
trona, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburg, where he worked in the 
glass factory for a year and nine months, when he went to War- 
rensville, Ohio, where he invested his earnings with his family 
in a farm, and worked on it for a time. It has since been sold, 
and he resided in Cleveland until July, 1901, when he left there. 
He also spoke of being in Cleveland first, then going to War- 
rensville, and returning to Cleveland. He ended his statement 
by giving the names and ages of the different members of his 
family. Only on one other occasion would Czolgosz say any¬ 
thing which was of the nature of information about himself, 
other than declaring that he was an anarchist. 

The daily routine in the prison was to rise at seven in the 
morning and dress and take his breakfast. He had a large appe¬ 
tite. Then he smoked and took exercise. Ate a hearty dinner; 
smoked after that a pipe and laid down on his cot. After his 
supper he smoked and then retired. He invariably maintained 
a stolid silence. He talked with one of the other prisoners only 
once of the many times he was left alone, and then the remark 
was of no account. When asked questions he never would 
answer quickly, but would stop a long time and think carefully. 
He did this even when the question was of the simplest nature. 
To one interrogation about his family he waited at the cell door 
half an hour before he said anything. 

On one occasion the warden sent a priest to him and he said 
he would smash the priest’s head. The next day he apologized 
for making this statement. Once or twice he wanted to see a 
priest, but as he did not come at once, he later refused. It was 
thought he might have become suspicious. When asked why 
he took the name of Nieman, he said because it was his own 
mother’s name. Later he said his own mother’s name was Ne- 

bock, which in German was Nieman. 

The reason he said for taking the alias was that he once 
“ struck ” in his own name, and on account of the strike changed 
it so that he might get work again. He also said he could not 




28 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


write and though various officials endeavored to get him to 
write his name he refused to do so. He once asked to have a 
letter written for him but after dictating a few lines seemed to 
be much affected and gave it up. On another occasion (not re¬ 
ferred to above), he was going to see a priest in his cell but it is 
supposed he may have been prevented by his brother-in-law 
Bandowski, so when the priest came he waved him away when 
he approached, and said if any priest came to his execution he 
would swear at him, adding, “ you see if I don’t.” 

As was stated at the time in the newspapers, Czolgosz wanted 
to make a speech in public at his execution. This he said to 
the warden the night before, when the latter went for some 
reason to his cell. The warden told him he would never have 
a better opportunity than then, but Czolgosz said he wanted to 
make his statement in public, before all the people when he 
was going to the chair. He was told that this would be impos¬ 
sible and he then resumed his sullen almost ugly mood, and re¬ 
fused to talk any more. Just as he reached the platform he 
started to make, the warden thought, a speech, but was hurried 
to the chair, the straps placed on his head, face and chin, while 
he was yet talking, the last sentence being rather mumbled than 
spoken. This was what he said: “ I shot the President because 
I thought it would help the working people and for the sake of 
the common people. I am not sorry for my crime.” He was 
then seated in the chair and said, “ that is all I have to say.” 
Just as the straps were being adjusted on his chin he mumbled, 
“ I am awfully sorry because I did not see my father.” The 
prison officers were unanimous in their agreement that the na¬ 
ture of Czolgosz was secretive, and all were unable to draw 
him into conversation or get him to answer questions unless he 
so decided after mature deliberation. 

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION. 

Of the post-mortem examination it may be said that it proves 
in no way that Czolgosz was not insane. Mr. Spitzka says at 
the end of his article, “ of course it is far more difficult and it 
is impossible in some cases to establish sanity upon the results 
of an examination of the brain than it is to prove insanity. It 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


29 


is well known that some forms of psychosis have little ascertain¬ 
able anatomical basis, and the assumption has been made that 
these psychoses depend rather upon circulatory and chemical 
disturbances/’ 8 It is a well-known fact that in a large number 
of cases even after a most thorough microscopical examination 
such as Mr. Spitzka did not have an opportunity to make, no 
indications of insanity can be found in individuals who have been 
for a long period mentally disturbed. 

Berkley says very truly, “ Even among the organic-degener¬ 
ative types an absolute pathology—such as is found for ex¬ 
ample in pneumonia, in which definite clinical symptoms accom¬ 
pany certain pathological states existing in the lung—is very 
rare.” 6 7 He also says further, “ Our main difficulty in this 
connection lies in the fact that the nerve cell has but few ways 
of showing in its structures the presence of deteriorative pro¬ 
cesses.” 

There might have been a considerable degree of cell-degen¬ 
eration in the brain of Czolgosz and yet Mr. Spitzka could not 
have discovered it at the time he made his examination. How¬ 
ever well, therefore, the brain anatomy was described at post¬ 
mortem, as a matter of necessity it leads to no definite result 
in determining the question of insanity. 

ANALYSIS OF FACTS PRESENTED. 

Czolgosz was one of a family of six boys and two girls. A 
maternal aunt was insane. His father, now living, is a steady, 
good workman, employed by the city of Cleveland. He is ig¬ 
norant and dull mentally, and though he has been in this country 
thirty years knows only a few words of English. He is emo¬ 
tional. His appearance is somewhat abnormal and suggestive 
of deficient mental development. Two of the brothers seen 
were somewhat emotional. 

The father says, Czolgosz as far as he remembers as a boy, 
was healthy. He was always quiet and retired and cared to 
play with few children. As he grew older he was very bashful, 
and always continued so. He never saw him in company with 
any girl. In ’98 he gave up work because he was ill. 

6 Op. cit. 

7 A Treatise on Mental Disease, by Henry J. Berkley, M. D., p. 51. 



30 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


The elder brother says that Czolgosz looked “ so gone to 
pieces like and looked so pale ” that he advised him to go to 
the hospital, but he refused and said there was no place in the 
hospital for poor people. He lived on the farm but he did not 
do any heavy work unless he was obliged to. He spent his 
time in doing various small jobs; some of the time hunting. 
He liked to be by himself doing little but jobbing around and 
reading or sleeping. 

In the spring of 1901 he became restless and wanted to get 
his money out of the farm. He kept on talking about it until 
finally he got it in July, and went away. He made frequent 
trips to Cleveland; why they did not know. When he was 
asked why he wanted to go away he said because he could not 
stand it any longer. After he made his arrangements he seemed 
brighter. 

The sister-in-law said that he acted queerly. He said he was 
sick but she could not see that he was, and “ if you said anything 
to him about his sickness he got mad.” He had a cough. Was 
lazy and would go out under a tree to sleep. His step-mother 
would try to get him to work but he would not. She did not 
believe he was sick either. He was always fixing up boxes and 
wheels and tinkering around. The day he left he went out, 
taking nothing with him except what he had on his back. He 
did not want his parents to know he was going. He told the 
sister-in-law he was going to Kansas, but he told his sister he 
was going to California for his health. 

The brother Joseph said he was always “ awful bashful.” He 
was a good mechanic. While he did not look sick he was always 
taking medicine. He slept well at night. The latter part of 
the time in the country he read and slept a great deal of the 
time; it seemed all the time. He did not know where he went 
when he left the farm for two or three days at a time. 

The sister Victoria said he liked to be by himself. He would 
read and sleep most of the time and was unable to do heavy 
work on account of his health. His uncle and aunt called him 
an “ old woman ” or “ grandmother ” because of his habit of 
falling asleep and being at times rather stupid. His friends the 
Dryers said he would sit by himself in their saloon in a corner 
watching the others. They never heard him use profane lan- 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


31 


) 


guage and never saw him lose his temper. He drank very little. 
Was careful of his money. He would often fall asleep, wake up 
and sit around and fall asleep again. He was never jolly; 
rather stupid and dull-like.” He said he left the wire mills 
because he was sick, and to their knowledge he carried medicine 
around with him. They sometimes saw him when he was not 
at work, sit all day in the saloon “ thinking-like and reading 
the paper and sleeping. ,, 

Up to August, ’98, as we have seen, Czolgosz worked steadily 
and industriously. He then gave up his work because of his 
poor health, and from that time he was never able to employ 
himself at anything steadily. There is a great deal of evidence 
that he was not well. He had for a long period a cough, took 
a variety of medicines, consulted several doctors, one of whom 
gave him certificates to get sick benefits with. He had frequent 
and peculiar periods of somnolence. What significance we 
should attach to these frequent periods of somnolence and in 
some cases stupor, I am hardly prepared to say. (It is possible 
that they may have been epileptic, and what appeared to be 
sleep was really an epileptic seizure..) He also spent much time 
in what was called “ dreaming.” 

In a letter written to Professor H. C. Eyman, a copy of which 
was sent to me by Dr. Blumer, it is stated that he suffered from 
catarrh a great deal. His friends said he had spent over $200 in 
medicines. He used herb tea, castor oil and probably narcotics. 
He grew some kind of a plant and would dry the leaves in the 
oven and smoke them in his pipe. His parents said he was a 
great and deep thinker but he never spoke out what he thought. 
He spent a great deal of time reading the account of the murder 
of King Humbert at the time it occurred. The paper was very 
precious to him as he took it to bed every night. 

I wish here to call attention especially to the habit which he 
formed about his eating. First in this connection we must con¬ 
sider his relation to his step-mother. His feeling against her 
was very strong as he was constantly having trouble with her. 
She would ask him to do work which he would refuse and she 
would either scold him or call him lazy. She did not believe 
there was anything the matter with him and when he told her 
that he was going to Kansas she thought it would be a good 





32 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOL }OSZ 


[Oct. 


thing. Schilling also speaks about his having said he was 
abused by his step-mother and was tired of life, that his father 
would not protect him because he was bound by the will of his 
step-mother. After ’99 his feeling became so strong against 
her that he would not eat with her when she was in the house. 
Whether or not he was suspicious of her and thought she might 
do something to injure him by poisoning his food, it is impos¬ 
sible to say. When in the mill he had always taken his dinner 
with his fellow workmen, and at an earlier period he had taken 
his meals with the family and with his mother. 

He usually cooked his own food and he had the milk put di¬ 
rectly in a tin pail after the cows were milked, and drank it alone. 
The sister-in-law mentions that especially three or four months 
before he went away he would not eat anything at the table and 
only took bread and milk; sometimes a little cake. He would 
take his food up to his room and eat it out of sight. The same 
thing was true at West Seneca where he stayed the last two 
weeks in July and most of August. He took his meals entirely 
by himself, living principally on milk and crackers as he had 
before. Even if he were invited he refused to join the others. 

This habit which Czolgosz formed of not only cooking his 
food but a large part of the time eating it by himself, often out 
of sight of others, I believe is of pathological significance which 
cannot be passed over. Such a habit I believe would be im¬ 
possible in a healthy-minded young man, and it was not habitual 
with Czolgosz until sometime after his health broke down and 
he gave up his work in the mill. To some extent it may have 
been explained by his relations with his step-mother, but even 
then it would have been abnormal. His not only cooking but 
eating it alone was suggestive that he was afraid of contamina¬ 
tion or poisoning and altogether in my opinion indicates that it 
was part of the change which had come about him as the re¬ 
sult of his impaired health. 

The fact that he took a large amount of food when offered 
him not only immediately after the crime, but while residing in 
prison for the period before his execution, must not be forgot¬ 
ten. He still of course ate alone and under what might be 
called the moral compulsion of his surroundings, and the strain 
through which he had passed, and the probable relief from the 


I 9 ° 2 ] 


WALTER CHANNING 


33 


tension which the crime produced may have occasioned a feel¬ 
ing of exhaustion and a resulting need of increased nutrition. 

He was always shy and bashful and afraid of girls. Several 
of the family had never seen him speak to a girl and he often 
crossed the road to avoid speaking to them; this habit grew on 
him. After he broke down in health he was much by himself, 
not only in his own home but when he was at the saloon of the 
Dryers where he passed much of his time, and also in other 
places mentioned. He was not social during these years of ill¬ 
ness, being inclined to talk little with others. 

There are indications that he was at times extremely restless. 
He never worked long at any one thing on the farm or else¬ 
where, though he tried to do light jobs on the place. He 
was constantly leaving the farm for varying periods from a 
few hours to several days, for what purpose is largely unex¬ 
plained, though we can infer that he may on some of these 
occasions have gone to the meetings of his lodge, or on insur¬ 
ance business as suggested by the brother, and we have a 
record of his visits to the anarchist Schilling. But he got very 
restless during the last part of the time before leaving the farm 
on July ii, and was constantly clamoring for his money which 
he had put into it. 

The changes in disposition which he showed were striking 
when we contrast his life after he left the mill with that before. 
As we have seen there was a long period of years during which 
he worked steadily and practically without a break in a fairly 
responsible position, being fined for neglect of his work and 
other things less than the other' men, and receiving the com¬ 
mendation not only of his fellow workmen but the foreman as 
well. These facts I ascertained from the mouths of these men 
myself in the mill. After his illness began, we find that he did 
not work steadily at any one thing. That he lost his accus¬ 
tomed activity and energy, grew more shy than he was before 
and became self-absorbed. Spent much time in dreaming, 
brooding and sleeping at various hours in the day, when in the 
ordinary course of events it would not be expected. 

While I should at present be far from saying that Czolgosz 
was in the years referred to, the subject of any specific form of 





34 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


insanity, at the same time the description we get of him suggests 
to my mind the possibility that he may have been drifting in 
the direction of dementia precox of the hebephrenic form. 

The picture of him during these years, when he committed 
the crime, and after, fits in, in many particulars, to the de¬ 
scription of the mad regicides or magnicides of Regis. He 
says “ they are always restless and dissatisfied and searching for 
a change. One thing especially distinguishing them is a prone¬ 
ness to mysticism. By that is meant an instinctive tendency to 
become over-excited in matters of politics or religion. Persons 
with this tendency often have visions or hear voices. Perhaps 
the latter in the form of a command from the Almighty. They 
are given to cogitation and solitude, and spend much time in 
searching for evidence of unseen agencies which they believe to 
be influencing their surroundings and actions. 

“ If this tendency just referred to does not find favorable cir¬ 
cumstances it may remain dormant; but if it finds a sufficient 
element for excitation in the events of the epoch; war; revolu¬ 
tions; dissensions of parties; ultra theories of sects; preaching 
or inflamed publications in books or journals, it may become 
dangerous fanaticism. 

“ Some idea, good or bad, falling on prepared soil soon ger¬ 
minates in an exaggerated manner and whatever sane reason 
the subject may have possessed up to that date gives way to a 
sickly ideation which grows to the delusional conviction that he 
is called on to deal a great blow; sacrifice his life to a just cause, 
to kill a monarch or dignitary in the name of God, the Father- 
land, Liberty, Anarchy, or some analogous principle.” 

Regis calls attention also to one or two other points which are 
well illustrated by the Czolgosz case; one is that the typical 
regicide acts almost always alone in conceiving, preparing and 
accomplishing his deed. He is what Regis calls a “solitaire” 
by his very nature. Being naturally vain and full of egotism he 
feels wholly confident that he can unaided accomplish his pur¬ 
pose. Regis also lays stress on the fact that the crime of the 
regicide is not a sudden or blind act, but on the contrary well 
considered and premeditated. “ When the act has been de¬ 
cided on the regicide hesitates no more, but goes straight to 
the end thenceforward with the assurance of a convicted per- 



1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


35 


son; proud of his mission and his part, he strikes at his victim 
in broad daylight, in public in an ostentatious and theatrical 
manner. Hence he rarely makes use of poison. Frequently he 
resorts to the use of the dagger, to fire-arms, and, far from flee¬ 
ing after the crime, he puts himself in evidence as if he had 
performed some great deed.” 

By a peculiar coincidence, some of the characteristics of the 
anarchists as described by the expert for the defense are found 
by Regis in the typical regicide, which indicates that they have 
much in common, and this also bears out my own opinion that 
there was nothing in the conduct of Czolgosz from the time 
of the crime down to his execution, that was inconsistent with 
insanity. 

I believe that what Regis calls “ a proneness to mysticism ” 
existed in Czolgosz. This is partly shown by his brother’s testi¬ 
mony in regard to the priests and reading the Bible. Also later 
by his political views. After his sickness began in ’98 he was 
much given to cogitation and solitude. He” found undoubtedly 
in the events of the epoch, also no doubt in inflamed publica¬ 
tions, in books and newspapers, the necessary elements for exci¬ 
tation which resulted in a dangerous fanaticism, and I believe as 
suggested by Regis in similar instances, that the time came 
when the sane reason which controlled Czolgosz had given way 
to sickly ideation and was succeeded by the delusional convic¬ 
tion that he was called on to deal a great blow. 

All of the experts who examined Czolgosz said he was a 
product of anarchy, sane and responsible, and one of them said, 
he was “ in all respects a sane man both legally and medically.” 
As his belief in anarchism was supposed to be the motive for 
the murderous deed, it is important to consider whether or not 
this contention is justified by such facts as I have been able to 
ascertain myself, coupled with those mentioned by the experts 
in their reports. They admit that he had false beliefs. One of 
them says a “ political delusion,” but that being an anarchist 
this delusion was consistent with the belief of the sect to which 
he belonged and therefore he was sane. I believe myself, how¬ 
ever, that his statement that he was an anarchist cannot be re¬ 
lied on. In the first place as we know, the Superintendent of 



36 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

Police in Cleveland states definitely that he was not connected 
with any anarchist organization. 

He went to a well-known anarchist in Cleveland to find out 
what anarchism was, but his behavior was so strange that he 
not only would not accept him as a “ comrade ” but he was 
viewed with suspicion as a spy. In his interviews also with the 
anarchist in Chicago and in his statement to Emma Goldman, 
he said that he was a socialist and not an anarchist, and 
again behaved so strangely that they were not only suspicious 
of him, but went so far as to warn anarchists against him as a 
dangerous man. Why he went to these anarchists appears evi¬ 
dent; that was to find out if they had made secret plots with the 
probable purpose of getting assistance from them in some plot 
of his own. 

The inference is almost justifiable that the act which he con¬ 
templated, instead of being the result of anarchist teachings led 
him to turn to anarchism as a convenient means of accomplish¬ 
ing and explaining an end; the germ of the idea that he had a 
duty to perform, which was to kill the President, being already 
in his mind. 

The only positive evidence offered by the experts that Czolgosz 
was in reality an anarchist depends upon his statements to some 
of those with whom he was brought in contact after the crime, 
and the finding of anarchist literature on his person. Books of 
this nature were found in the room which he had occupied, sev¬ 
eral of which I have in my possession and have examined. How 
much these books had influenced him, I cannot say, and in any 
estimate of him the fact of their existence should have due weight 
given them, but it does not seem to me to invalidate the position 
that he was not in the whole sense of the word what could be 
called an anarchist. He was trying to find out apparently, 
something about the subject, but as far as going to the anarch¬ 
ists mentioned was concerned it indicated thaf his purpose was 
to find out about plots and secret meetings, rather than the 
theories of anarchism. Even Emma Goldman herself writes me 
that she was not well enough acquainted with his political views 
to know whether he was an anarchist or not. 

We have reason to suppose that Czolgosz heard at least one 
lecture of Emma Goldman, and from what Schilling says she 



1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


37 


must have made an impression on him. We also know that he 
referred to her after his arrest, but we also know that he had 
only one brief interview with her, and as far as any direct teach¬ 
ing was concerned there is evidence to the contrary. I have 
already presented a synopsis of one lecture of hers that Czolgosz 
possibly heard. We see that she gave very good advice on the one 
hand and justified deeds of violence that had already been done 
by anarchists on the other. Still her leading idea was that so¬ 
ciety was to be reformed by education and not by violence. She 
is said to have much magnetism and it may be fairly inferred 
from what Czolgosz said to Chief of Police Bull of Buffalo and 
to Schilling about her, that it was her person, quite as much as 
her words, that inspired him. 

Lombroso in an interesting paper on “ Anarchy ” refers to 
this woman, and says: “ Czolgosz in the rare instances in which 
he departed from silence confessed to having been incited to 
crime by the speeches of Emma Goldman against the United 
States form of government.” 8 Lombroso undoubtedly got his 
information from the newspapers and, as we know, much of what 
appeared in them could not be relied on; for that reason I have 
not quoted from them at all in anything I have said in this 
paper. Lombroso further says: “ The speeches of Emma Gold¬ 
man may well have carried away a man hereditarily predisposed, 
a fanatic at the same time and given to dark views on the mis¬ 
fortunes of his country.” The reason that this writer speaks of 
the hereditary predisposition of Czolgosz is that “ his father 
had been concerned in the murder or lynching of a contractor 
who ill-treated his workmen,” hence he inherited morbid ten¬ 
dencies. This undoubtedly also was taken from the newspapers. 
Though in speaking of the father I referred to the matter, I have 
also said it was contradicted by the son. I believe at present it 
must be left out of consideration as not being proved. 

Lombroso thinks that some of the anarchists are “ under the 
spell of a kind of monomania, or the absolute obsession by a 
single idea which produces hyper-sensitiveness and makes them 
excessively susceptible to the influence of others who second 

8 “ Anarchy; The Status of Anarchy to-day in Europe and the United 
States, by Cesare Lombroso, published in Everybody’s Magazine. 



38 THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ [Oct. 

their idea to the exclusion of all contrary arguments. Czol- 
gosz was one of these.” 

If however on the one hand we find little evidence of Czol- 
gosz being an anarchist, we do get important evidence on the 
other hand that he belonged to a philanthropic organization of 
standing and character, the order of the Golden Eagle. This 
was composed of good, hard working American citizens, and 
the fact that he belonged to it was owing to his being a fellow 
workman of several of the members. Though he was a Pole 
and had been a Catholic, and the society was composed of 
Protestants, such a good opinion was entertained of him that 
he was duly elected, and continued a member in good stand¬ 
ing up to the time of the assassination. He received sick bene¬ 
fits several times on physicians’ certificates, and the letter he 
wrote to the secretary, dated July 31, 1901, shows his connec¬ 
tion at that time with the Golden Eagle. In this he says that 
they will find enclosed one dollar for his lodge dues. That he 
had given one dollar to pay up the assessment on the death of 
a late brother, and that he was in the hall in June before and 
gave another dollar to pay his lodge dues. 

His long period of industrious service at the wire mill; his 
steady and continuous connection with the Golden Eagle; and 
the years that he was broken down in health are facts which so 
far have received little attention, but they are salient points in 
the case as they represent the young man as he actually, was. 
His interest in anarchism appears to have been something of 
late growth and foreign to the ordinary current of his life, and 
as far as I have been able to discover played but a small part 
in it until after the crime, when he said he was an anarchist, and 
his statements were accepted as a satisfactory explanation. Cer¬ 
tainly it was a most extraordinary state of affairs that the man 
who committed the crime on September 6, and was at once 
branded as an anarchist, should have been publicly denounced 
in the leading anarchist publication of the country but five days 
before as a spy and dangerous character, and not to be trusted 
by anarchists! Was this a part of a prearranged plot? Were 
Schilling and Isaak in league with Czolgosz? I believe there is 
not a particle of evidence of it. 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


39 


The letter of July 31 already referred to is important not only 
for the reason that it shows the connection of Czolgosz with the 
Golden Eagle, but also that he is quite willing to have his resi¬ 
dence known, as he gives his full address. Had he been the 
anarchist we are told he was, and deeply engaged in anarchist 
plottings, or had he intended to conceal himself to accomplish 
his crime, he certainly would not have been so willing to betray 
his residence. 

THE CRIME OF CZOLGOSZ, THE RESULT OF DELUSION. 

I believe that he was dominated by a delusion as was stated by 
the expert for the defense, but it was the delusion of a man 
of unsound mind and this was much broader than simply his 
belief that the President was an enemy of the good working 
people. Not only that but the President was going around the 
country deceiving the people and shouting prosperity when 
there was no prosperity for the poor man. Then as he also told 
Schilling things were getting worse and worse and something 
must be done; he did not believe in the republican form of gov¬ 
ernment; and there should not be any rulers. For all these 
reasons he himself was called on to do something or to perform 
his duty. This was the essence of the delusion, that he had a 
duty to perform which was to kill the President because he was 
the enemy of the good working people, and things were getting 
worse and worse. In going to the anarchists for help he acted 
under the control of this delusion. He committeed the crime 
under it, and to the day of his death was absolutely consistent 
to it. 

Speaking from the standpoint of the medical expert, it is to 
me very difficult to believe that any American citizen of sound 
mind could plan and execute such a deed as the assasination of 
the President, and remain impervious to all influences after his 
arrest, and up to the time of the execution. Human nature, as 
I look at it, is not constituted to bear the strain of such a situa¬ 
tion without weakening at some point. Such conduct is how¬ 
ever consistent with insanity. If we take the case of Czolgosz 
I find it hard to believe that any other explanation is tenable. 
We must remember that he was, as far as we can learn, a young 






40 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


man of average health and capacity, who had worked hard for 
a number of years in one place and was well known to his fellow 
workmen. That he was peaceful and law-abiding and made in 
every way such a favorable impression on those associated with 
him that they made him a member of an association of their 
own, of high aims from their point of view. Down to the day 
of the crime his relations with these men, as far as their respect 
for him was concerned, remained undisturbed. Under these 
circumstances it is inconceivable that this young man could in his 
right mind have performed so stupendous a crime. We see, 
however, that three years before its occurrence he broke down in 
health so that he was forced to give up his work and was never 
again able to work continuously for any length of time. He be¬ 
came moody and introspective, passing long periods of time in 
the days, dreaming and sleeping and cogitating. His habits as 
far as his daily occupation was concerned were entirely changed; 
from being active and energetic he became lazy and listless, 
though at times restless and especially so a few weeks before 
the crime. We must also remember that he developed a state of 
antagonism toward a member of the family which became so 
decided that it was one cause probably of his refusing to eat at 
the table with her, or even to take food cooked at her hands. 
That after a while he would only eat food cooked by himself. 
Much of the time both at his own home and in other places 
he took it in solitude. 

While in this state of impaired health and what appeared to 
be an abnormal mental condition, the idea that he had a duty 
to perform developed in his mind, finally becoming so domi¬ 
nating that it culminated in the assassination. If he had said 
that he was “ inspired ” or had a “ mission ” to perform it would 
not have been any more indicative of insanity than what he did 
say. The form of words in which a man expresses a delusion 
is of significance only as indicating what is in the mind. We 
must remember that this man was an ignorant Pole, who spoke 
his own language most of the time, and it would have been quite 
impossible for him to have made use of words that a man like 
Guiteau, who had a great facility of speech, might have used. 
It is said that he evinced no appearance of morbid mental exalt¬ 
ation or of mental weakness or loss of mind, etc. But whether 





1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


41 


he did or not, of course would be first a question of judgment 
on the part of the examiner, and secondly a question as to what 
might be expected under the circumstances. 

The real question is whether he was the subject of a delusion 
which led him to commit the crime and if after having com¬ 
mitted it his behavior was consistent with that delusion. Sup¬ 
pose we consider whether or not we have data enough for the 
establishment of an “ insane ” delusion or an insane false belief. 
No better recent study has been made of delusions than that by 
Mercier. 9 “ Delusions,” he says, “ are beliefs which may or may 
not have some foundation in experience, in authority or in ordi¬ 
nary testimony, but which however formed are entirely inde¬ 
structible by any or all of these agents.” Mercier points out 
that in the normal individual a concept is transferred from one 
category of belief to another and by a logical mode of procedure. 
“ There are, for instance, five degrees or categories that can be 
distinguished in the cohesion of mental states, viz., the Incon¬ 
ceivable; the Conceivable; the Credible; the Relatively Certain 
or Fact; the Absolutely Certain or True. The concepts with 
which we deal may belong to any of these categories and under 
the influence of experience direct or indirect, our concepts are 
constantly being transferred from one of these categories to 
another and up and down the middle category through the most 
various degrees of likelihood and doubt. In the rational mind 
transference must be effected by the influence of experience or 
testimony or authority, but no transference of belief from cate¬ 
gory to category can normally be effected by the mere interior 
operation of the mind unaided by commerce with circumstances. 
.... It is the transference of a concept from one category 
of belief to another by the unaided operation of the mind itself 
that often occurs in delusions and constitutes delusion.” 

In the first place we must enquire if the beliefs expressed by 
Czolgosz and already mentioned as evidences of delusion had 
any real foundation in experience or authority or ordinary testi¬ 
mony. On the contrary, they were, I believe opposed to these 
things, yet in Czolgosz’s mind they appeared not only rational 

9 Psychology, Normal and Morbid, by Charles A. Mercier, London, 
1901. 





42 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


but so imperative that to him they were a coherent belief on 
which his conduct was based, and were so indestructible that 
they not only gave him the hardihood to commit the crime, but 
continued to dominate him down to the moment of his death. 
There is no question I believe that if he had been allowed to 
make an ante-mortem statement as he wished, but was unfortu¬ 
nately refused, we should have had still further evidence of the 
controlling and indestructible nature of the delusion which in¬ 
fluenced him from the beginning to the end. 

His very last remarks are rather striking and wholly in keep¬ 
ing with what he had said and done from the beginning. “ I 
shot the President because I thought it would help the working 
people and for the sake of the common people. I am not sorry 
for my crime.” These I am told were his exact words. It is 
one of the remarkable phenomena of his case that he should 
have been able under the circumstances when he was sitting 
in the electric chair about to be executed to so exactly formu¬ 
late the essence of the delusion which had dominated him. He 
had done his duty. He had killed the President because he 
thought it would be a help to the working people and for the 
sake of the common people, and he was not sorry. 

In weighing the state of mind of Czolgosz and determining 
how far what he said and did give evidence of delusion as de¬ 
fined by Mercier, we must consider his relations not only to 
the anarchists but also to the Golden Eagle Society. He wanted 
to be an anarchist and thought he was an anarchist but in a final 
analysis, in spite of the evidence of the literature found on him 
and the literature also that was in his room, some of which was 
of an anarchistic character, his visits to the anarchists and his 
having been to hear Emma Goldman lecture, he did not really 
know much about what anarchism was. • It was probably a part 
of his false belief that he thought he was such a thorough-going 
anarchist, but all of the testimony taken together which must 
be accepted removes him from the category of genuine anarch¬ 
ists. Then on the other hand his proved connection with the 
order of the Golden Eagle places him in the category of re¬ 
spectable citizens with avowed aims of the highest kind, and 
brings out pretty forcibly his inconsistent mental attitude that 
at one and the same time he was a law-abiding citizen and an 




1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


43 


anarchist. We are led to believe that what he thought was 
contrary to testimony; the outgrowth of beliefs in his own mind 
and delusional in character. 

The more I analyze his history both before and after the 
crime the more strongly it appears to me that he must have 
acted under the influence of a colossal delusion, having all the 
attributes assigned to it by Mercier. I cannot help thinking 
that this explanation must appeal to thoughtful students of all 
the evidence on sober reflection, more forcibly than the theory 
that he was a sane man and his actions consistent with sanity. 

The direct circumstances of the crime as committed are always 
of great significance and it is important for the purpose of this 
paper to pay brief consideration to this point* I have seen 
no recent statement on this point which is stronger than 
that by Dr. Sanderson Christison. 10 He says in reference 
to the act: “ It may first be observed that acts themselves 
indicate the mental condition of the actors when all the circum¬ 
stances are known. Up to the age of 28, and after a long record 
of an exceptionally (abnormally) retiring, peaceful disposition 
he (Czolgosz) suddenly appears as a great criminal. Had he 
been sane this act would imply an infraction of the law of normal 
growth which is logically inconceivable. Such a monstrous 
conception and impulse as the wanton murder of the President 
of the United States arising in the mind of so insignificant a 
citizen without his being either insane or degenerate, could be 
nothing short of a miracle for the reason that we require like 
causes to produce like results. To assume that he was sane is 
to assume that he did a sane act, i. e. one based upon facts and 
having a rational purpose.” 

There could be no better statement of the relation of Czolgosz 
to the crime than this. The more reasonable assumption would 
be that the act was not a sane act because it could not have any 
reasonable purpose and there could be no facts to justify it. We 
can, therefore, hardly conceive any conditions which would 
allow us to assume a priori that the crime could be the crime of 
a sane man. Here again we can see clearly a good illustration 

10 “ Epilepsy and Responsibility in the Czolgosz Case. Was the Assas¬ 
sin Sane or Insane?” 




44 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


of the correctness of the definition by Mercier. Such an act 
and for such a purpose as that assigned, because McKinley 
was the enemy of the working people and the common people, 
was contrary to experience, authority and testimony, the real 
facts being quite the other way. The definition would apply 
equally well to the consequences of the act. As a means of 
accomplishing the desired end, there was everything against it 
logically and nothing in its favor, for instead of in any way help¬ 
ing the common people it would do them an injury. It will be 
seen, therefore, that the difficulties which arise to explain why 
a sane man could have killed McKinley are almost insurmount¬ 
able, and in the case of Czolgosz, if he was sane, it appears to me, 
absolutely so. I believe it highly important to make a very 
careful study of the crime itself, and by doing this we must 
become more impressed with the insane reasoning which could 
have made it possible. In speaking of the circumstances of a 
crime we must also consider the method. In the case of Czol¬ 
gosz we have seen that this corresponded well with that of the 
typical magnicide as described by Regis. 

The experts in the official report on Czolgosz say that “ he 
was not a case of paranoia because he did not have systematized 
delusions reverting to self, because he was in exceptionally good 
condition and had an unbroken record of good health. His 
capacity for labor had always been good and equal to that of 
his fellows.” And they think “ he was not a degenerate because 
his skull was symmetrical and his ears did not protrude, nor 
were they of abnormal size. His palate was not highly arched 
and psychically he did not have a history of cruelty or perverted 
tastes and habits.” The expert for the defense also says “ there 
was absolutely no evidence of insane delusion, hallucination or 
illusion. There was none of the morbid mental exaltation or 
expansiveness of ideas that would suggest mania in any form. 
None of the morbid mental gloom and despondency of melan¬ 
cholia. None of the weakness of dementia. None of the gen¬ 
eral mental or motor symptoms that are characteristic of paresis, 
nor was there anything in his manner, conduct or declarations 
that would suggest the great vanity or egotism or persecutory 
ideas or the transformation of personality which is usually char¬ 
acteristic of paranoia, or symptoms of delusional insanity.” 


1902] 


WALTER CHANNING 


45 


That some of these statements do not seem to be in my opin¬ 
ion justified, is apparent from what I have already said, but I 
wish here to call especial attention to the well-known fact that 
there are many cases even in hospitals for the insane in which 
there can be no question of the mental disease, but notwithstand¬ 
ing this, they cannot be assigned with definiteness to any par¬ 
ticular category. In the first place there is a great diversity 
of classifications, so that by different experts different groups 
of symptoms receive different names; and in the second place, 
supposing we . have well-defined ideas as to what special varie¬ 
ties, groups of well-marked symptoms should be assigned. The 
case in point may be of such a nature that there is doubt how 
it should be classified. While it is a convenience to be able to 
classify cases of insanity, it is not of the importance that we 
sometimes ascribe to it. The point is to ascertain whether or 
not the individual has undergone such a change mentally that 
he presents unmistakable evidences of unsoundness of mind. 
We can often be sure of that, when no one can say under just 
what form of disease these evidences should be placed. So in 
the case of Czolgosz; if it can be proved that he was the subject 
of delusion and acting under the domination of that delusion 
committed the crime, while it would be convenient to say he 
had some specific form of disease, it is not essential in leading us 
to a decision as to his mental condition. 

Another point also is to be mentioned in this connection and 
this is that the time has come when in my opinion we should give 
up using the expression, “ insane delusion.” A so-called “ sane 
delusion ” is not in the full sense of the word the same thing as 
the delusion defined by Mercier. The “ sane delusion ” or false 
belief may be the result of superstition, tradition, religious 
teaching and so on. It is at any rate not opposed fundamentally 
to the experience of its possessor, or such authority, or evi¬ 
dence as appeal to his judgment. It has developed along lines 
essentially similar to those described by Mercier and is usually 
capable of correction or modification by the same method. Such 
a delusion would be best described by some other term, and 
the word “ delusion ” should have the full significance of Mer- 
cier’s definition. 

Where a man is dominated and acts under the control of a 


46 


THE MENTAL STATUS OF CZOLGOSZ 


[Oct. 


true delusion, he is necessarily as far as that delusion and the 
resulting acts are concerned, a man of unsound mind, and the 
qualifying word “ insane ” I believe had better be dropped, as 
inaccurate and unscientific. 

It will be apparent from a careful perusal of what has already 
been said what conclusions I think I am justified in arriving at: 

ist. I feel that from fuller information than that possessed 
by those experts who examined Czolgosz after his crime, the 
opinion then expressed by them cannot be accepted as the final 
one. 

2 ( 1 . Owing to lack of time it was impossible in the examina¬ 
tion referred to, to investigate the early history of Czolgosz. 
Had this been done some of his statements would have been 
found to be inaccurate. 

3d. He was not in my opinion an anarchist in the true sense 
of the word, and while anarchist doctrines may have inflamed 
his mind and been a factor in the crime, it was not the true 
cause or an adequate explanation. 

4th. He had been in ill health for several years, changing 
from an industrious and apparently fairly normal young man 
into a sickly, unhealthy and abnormal one. 

5th. While in this physical and mental condition of sickliness 
and abnormality, it is probable that he conceived the idea of 
performing some great act for the benefit of the common and 
working people. 

6th. This finally developed into a true delusion that it was his 
duty to kill the President, because he was an enemy of the 
people, and resulted in the assassination. 

7th. His conduct after the crime was not inconsistent with 
insanity. 

8th. His history for some years before the deed; the way in 
which it was committed and his actions afterward furnish a good 
illustration of the typical regicide or magnicide as described by 
Regis. 

9th. The post-mortem examination threw no light on his 
mental condition and would not invalidate the opinion that the 
existing delusion was the result of disturbed brain action. 

10th. Finally, from a study of all the facts that have come to 
my attention, insanity appears to me the most reasonable and 
logical explanation of the crime. 




















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